Creep Behaviour of Materials

Creep Behaviour of MaterialsChen Yi LingObjectivesThe objectives of the experiment argonTo measure the cabbage distorted shape in lead and polypropylene at room temperatureTo determine the effect of stress on the creep torture of lead and polypropyleneTo appreciate the variation in creep conduct between these two classes of corporalsTo be aware of creep as a design considerationTheory2.1. Introduction distorted shape infra a certain utilise essence over a period of clipping at a particular temperature is defined as creep, and it limits the lading carrying capacity among structual materials.When subjected to a stress greater or equal to its yield stress, the material deforms plastically. Alternately, when the stress is less than its yield stress, the material will deform elastically.However, when the material has to withstand stress at graduate(prenominal) temperature, permanent deformation will occur even if the stress is below the yield stress obtained from a bendable tes t. Under a aeonian stress, the prolong vary as a function of time as shown in estimate 2.1.1. 1The different stages of creep arePrimary Creep/Transient CreepStrain rate decreases with time and deformation becomes difficult as strain increases. (i.e. Strain Hardening)Secondary Creep/ fuddled CreepStrain rate is constantThe occurrence is due to the balance between strain hardening and strain softening (Structure Recovery)Tertiary Creep/ approach shot RuptureStrain rate increases with time and the material is fractured.Increase in creep rate is due to the increasing number of damages such as cavities, cracks and necking.The damaging phenomena reduce the cross-sectional area, which increase the applied stress when placed under constant load.Viscoelastic materials such as polymers and metals are susceptible to creep. When subjected to a sudden force, the response of a polymeric material bottomland be detected victimisation the Kelvin-Voigt model (Figure 2.1.2)Viscoelastic materials experience an increase in strain with time when subjected to a constant stress, this is termed as viscoelastic creep. At t0 (Figure 2.1.3), viscoelastic material is able to maintain for a signifi put upt long period of time when loaded with a constant stress. The material eventually fails when it responds to the stress with an increasing strain. In contrast, when the stress is maintained for a shorter period of time, the material experience an initial strain until t1 in which the stress is relieved. The strain and then immediately decrease gradually to a residual strain. 3In this experiment, we will study the creep behaviour of a low-melting point metal (Lead, Pb) and a polymer (Polypropylene, PP) at room temperature.2.2. Creep in MetalsCreep can be observed in all metals if its in operation(p) temperature exceeds 0.3 to 0.5Tm 5 (Tm = Absolute Melting Temperature) (Figure 2.2.1)Creep strain () depends on several variables, the most important variables are stress () and temperature (T). Using stress and temperature, the creep rate () can be defined as ( compare 2.2.1)Where,A = Constantn = Stress ExponentE = Activation energy for creepR = Universal gas constantCreep rate () increase as stress and temperature increase, hence Equation 2.2.1 can be redefined as (Equation 2.2.2)Whereby n is the slope of vs lnA at constant temperature.2.3. Creep in PolymersThe creep in polymers is almost similar to the creep in metal as it is depends on stress and temperature, with a few exceptions. canvass Figure 2.2.1 and Figure 2.3.1, the two graphs look similar except that Figure 2.3.1 has a recovery phase, which is termed as the reversal of creep.Possessing viscoelastic properties, the behavior of the material can be predicted using the Kelvin-Voigt model (Figure 2.1.2) as mentioned earlier, and hence, it will be utilize in this experiment.Equation 2.3.1 shows the relationship between the creep strain () and time under constant stress (Equation 2.3.1)Where and are the constant of the spring and dashpot respectively (Figure 2.1.2)On the otherwise hand, Equation 2.3.2 shows the creep strain in relation to time (Equation 2.3.2)Where is a constant.The data obtained can be plotted into an isochronous graph by taking the constant time section through the creep curves for a detail temperature. And the results obtained formed the isochronous graph.Experimental Procedures3.1 Equipment for Creep TestingThe load was applied steadily to the precedent using the lever principle shown in Figure 3.1.1. steel pins were used to kept the warning in place on one side of the lever and the weight hanger on the other.The weight hanger consist of 2 immobilise position the topmost hole was used when the hanger and loads were in rest position while the lower hole was used when the hanger was loaded.The following table shows the draw for the parts of the equipment which should be taken into consideration during the calculation of tensile force on the specimenIf m was the mass of the load on the weight hanger, then the tensile force acting on the specimen can be defined by taking moment about pivot as shown in Figure 3.1.2.(F+0.04) x 42 0.40 x 147 (0.16 + 0.04 +m) x 336 = 0 (Equation 3.1.1)Where, g is the acceleration due to gravity = 9.807m/s2The backstage of the specimen was measured using a telephone dial gauge (DG). The DG was placed into a tube tightened using a nylon sneak screw to hold the DG in its place. It should be noned that the nylon pinch screw should only be tighten sufficiently to prevent the DG from moving when the loads were placed.The top of the DG was attached to the set up using a grooved plate which was bolted to the lever arm. This arrangement was to ensure the groove in this plate was two times the distance from the pivot to the centre of the specimen. Hence, the backstage of the specimen detected by the DG was twice the actual extension of the specimen. And to counter for inaccuracy when zeroing the DG, an add itional 3mm was taken into account before the start of the experiment.Thus, the actual extension of the specimen can be calculated by (Equation 3.1.2)3.2 Experiment MethodsFor the measurement of creep in lead, the load applied would be 0.9, 1.0 and 1.1kg. For the measurement of creep in polypropylene, the load applied would be 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9kg.Before conducting the experiment, the width, length, thickness and gauge length of the specimen was measured thrice using an electronic vernier caliper the trainings used for the calculation would be the average reading (highlighted in orange).3.2.1 Experiment 1 Creep of LeadThe lever arm was held in place using 2 pins 1 of it to be inserted into the bearing block and the other onto the topmost hole of the weight hanger.Attached the specimen onto the set up using 2 pins. institutionalise the control Gauge into the hole/tube but do not tighten the nylon screw yet.Attach the groove plate at the top of the Dial Gauge and lever arm and secur e it using a thumb nut.Release the pin holding the weight hanger to take up any spare movement.Make sure the specimen was placed vertically.Carefully adjust the Dial Gauge until the inner dial reads 3mm and the outer ring reads 0, then tighten the nylon screw. hindrance the ask weight onto the hanger.Raise the loaded weight hanger to the lower hole (loading position) and insert the pin.Gently release the load and start stop watch.Record reading every 15 seconds for 30 minutes or till the specimen ruptures.In order to determine the secondary creep rate for each applied stress, 3 extension-time creep curves were required. The creep rate can be calculated using the following equation (Equation 3.2.1.1)Where In this experiment, ln vs ln plot was required. Hence, the stress () on the specimen is given by (Equation 3.2.1.2)Where, F is the load applied to the specimen (N)3.2.2 Experiment 2 Creep of PolypropyleneThe test of creep of polypropylene is similar to that of lead, with a coup le of exceptions. Before placing the specimen onto the set up, 2 U brackets should be fitted over the 2 ends of the specimen. For polypropylene, elastic recovery was feasible hence the specimen was not required to be tested until failure. Note that 15 minutes, 12 minutes and 7 minutes were the extension time required for 0.6kg, 0.7kg and 0.8kg respectivelyPlace the required load onto the weight hanger.Record the extension for every 15 seconds for specific duration.After the extension period, remove the weights on the weight hanger and continue to record the reading (elastic recovery phase) every 15 seconds for 10 minutes or when the needle on the Dial Gauge stop moving for 1 minute.Repeat for other loads.Plot extension vs time curve to show the creep and recovery curve.In this experiment, strain vs stress plot was required. Hence, the strain rate () on the specimen is given by (Equation 3.2.2.1)Where ResultsResults for LeadThe increment of extension () was selected based on the re sults reflected on Figure 4.1.1.The creep rate () of Lead was determine using Equation 3.2.1.1.The stress () applied onto the lead specimen was calculated using Equation 3.2.1.2.By adding ln to the values of and ,Using the data from Table 4.1.1, we can plot a linear graph.Based on Figure 4.1.2, the stress force (n) from the straight line was 10.503.Results for PolypropyleneA sudden drop was observed for 0.7kg, this was due to serviceman error as results was not recorded promptly on specific time.Using Equation 3.2.1.2 3.2.2.1, the stress and strain rate is shown belowBased on Figure 4.2.1, when stress is constant, the strain increases as time increases, which tallies with the theory.5. DiscussionUsefulness of the Plot of ln vs lnBy plotting ln against ln, we can determine the gradient (n) or the stress exponent of the specimen, which correspond to the controlling mechanism of creep under testing conditions.Stress Exponent for LeadThe stress exponent indicates the influence of def ormation rate on the mechanical strength of the specimen.7At low stresses, n equals to 1, which indicates fine diffusion creep. At high stresses, n 1, indicating other crawl mechanism besides pure diffusion.Factors affecting the stress exponent valueThe stress exponent for lead in this experiment was found out to be 10.503. And the factors which affects the value is the type of creeping mechanism behind the specimen.Some creeping mechanisms include Coble creep (Grain boundary diffusion) and Dislocation creep/climb (Power law creep).8Creep of Metals in Design conditionThe following are some methods to minimize creeping in metalsEmploy materials with high TmReduce the effect of grain boundaries by using a single crystal with large grains or adding solid solutions to eliminate vacancies9Creep is an important consideration for when a component have to support a load at temperatures where Tabs/TM 0.4.10For high temperature, creep is an important consideration in these three areasDisp lacement-limited applications such as turbine rotors in jet enginesRupture-limited applications such as high pressure steam pipesStress Relaxation limited applications such as tightened bolts and suspended cables 11Viscoelastic BehaviourMaterials which exhibits both viscous and elastic property during deformation is known as viscoelasticity.12 In this experiment, both lead and polypropylene exhibits viscoelasticity to different extend. For lead, the time taken in which the specimen rupture decreases as the stress increases. However, its viscoelasticity is not high hence, its recovery phase is not as significant as polypropylene. Further more(prenominal), the structure of lead is more crystalline than polypropylene, which means it is more brittle and more prone to rupture.For polypropylene, the extension increases as the stress increases. The extension and recovery rate of each load are as followRecovery rate is possible on polypropylene specimen because it has higher elasticity due to its amorphous structure. The amorphous structure untangles and lengthens out until it becomes crystalline.ConclusionIn conclusion, the results obtained from the experiment is true to theory. Unfortunately, during the creep test for lead, some results are missing due to some human error resulting in an incomplete graph as depicted in Figure 4.2.1.For the creep in lead, load 1.0kg and 1.1kg rupture before 30 minutes. This shows that the heavier the load, the faster the creep rate. At even high temperature, t

Holiday inn hotel brands in world

pass inn hotel brands in worldAbstract pass inn is one of the stovepipe known family of hotel brands in the world. The experience, the quality, the assistant, the spirit etc, etc its all begins here. With over 2000 hotels on six continents of the world, pass Inn has spent the last seventy years welcoming tribe to a world of comfort, excellence service, quality modification and memorable experiences in the best locations on the be afteret.WHAT EXACTLY IS HOTEL INDUSTRY?Like some other industries, the Hotel Industry likewise get hold ofs to explore the opportunities for innovation in order to achieve peripheral service and customer satisfactiveness. This industry is alone a multi-billion dollar and one of the hot growing sectors of the economy of recent age. The hotel industry is diverse for populate to work in different areas of interest and offer unlimited opportunities.According to the latest statistics of The time Newspaper, at that place are approximately 120000 bus inesses within the commercial sector in Great Britain including hotels, restaurants, cafes, holiday camps, public houses, snack bars, and catering contractors.(Source www.thetimes100.co.uk)Hotels are service industries. They suffer a service to the customer rather than a product. The service consists of looking after people when they are away from home, by providing food, shelter, drink, sleeping accommodation, entertainment and waste facilities.COMPANY OVERVIEWThe Holiday Inn has more than 2,000 hotels in 56 countries worldwide. (Source http//www.hotel radiation patterns.net/review/review_412_1.html)The graduation exercise Holiday Inn Hotel was founded in 1952 by Wilson in USA, for inexpensive family accommodation travelers. The brand name Holiday Inn is now owned by IHG who in turn license it out to franchisees and third parties who operate hotels under circumspection agreements. (Source http//www.hoteldesigns.net/review/review_412_1.html)STANDARDSHoliday Inn has a history of standards, part of Wilsons original nous. Not meeting these standards may mean a lost franchise. Many of the ripened Holiday Inn hotels, especially the two-story ones with exterior corridors, have been removed from the Holiday Inn system as franchises expired and rebranded. Some old Holidomes have been rebranded as Best Westerns, Days Inns, and Quality Inns.Holiday Inns boasted air-conditioned rooms, restaurants, meeting rooms, consortiums, tele deal, direct dial telephone service, piped music and radio, wall to wall carpeting, cocktail lounges, and the Holidex the com doinguateerized reservation system that put many Mom and Pop outfits out of business. Millions of road weary business travelers and harried families learned to organize their trips around the ritual of Holidex reservations, knowing that the same room, food, and night-lit pool awaited them down the road. (Source http//www.hoteldesigns.net/review/review_412_1.html)IN WHAT AREAS THE ORGANISATION HAVE STRATEGIC PLANS AND WHAT ARE THE PLANS?IntroductionBusinesses are often worried about instantaneous issues and dawdle sight of their ultimate objectives and goals. Thats why a strategical plan is a virtual necessity for organisations. This may non be a recipe for success, entirely without it a business is much more likely to fail. A sound plan shouldExplain the business to others in order to motivate, inform involve other people.Serve as a framework for decisions.Support performance monitoring and benchmarking.Motivate change, bring innovation and become a vital part for side by side(p) plan.Strategic readiness activities have become a signifi faecal mattert source of warringness for hotel industry. Decision-makers must be able to integrate strategic initiatives to gain competitive advantage in the face of increasingly volatile technological innovation, customer expectations, and global competition. Strategy maker professionals must learn to integrate strategic and planning as well. While o thers (Walker, 1992 Schuler, 1990 and Ulrich, 1987) have detailed the models for changing strategies, less work has been done to identify the specific steps of linking strategic practices.Strategic Planning of Holiday InnStrategic planning determines the major goals of the organization. It provides the foundation for the policies, procedures and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals. Policies are broad guides to action and strategies determine the best way to use resources. At the strategic planning stage, the company decides which customers to serve, what products or services to sell and the geographic areas in which the firm will compete.There are more than 220,000 employees in Holiday Inn Corporation worldwide.While every hotelier is branding beds, redecorating and adding amenities, Holiday Inn and Hilton are onto the next hospitality marketing frontier solicitous employees.Holiday Inn is trying to brand the guest experience by standardizing service with a program called People Notice. As part of the plan, the chain is implementing the new service culture by conducting a three-month hands-on instruction program that emphasizes going the extra mile for hotel guests.For example, if a housekeeper learns that a guest is missing a wedding party anniversary while on the road, that employee give notice send flowers to the guests room with an anniversary card signed by the round. If a guest requires medication to be refrigerated, a staffer can follow up by delivering the medicine at the appropriate time with a bottle of water and crackers. Incentives allow recognition programs allowing guests and co-workers to beatify an employee.Holiday Inn is also participating with internal branding gurus from Northwestern Universitys Forum for People Performance Management and Measurement in a multi-company schooling seeking to identify employee behaviors that result in customer loyalty. The Forum project intends to put a value on these acti ons so a company can develop a budget and invest in the behaviors that matter. An outside branding campaign is also in the works.Anybody can knock off anybody elses bed, do it better, cheaper and easier when it comes to products today, verbalise Bruce Bolger, the Forums executive director. The difficult thing is changing employee behavior, and that is what separates the women from the girls.Meanwhile, Hilton Hotelslast month took its internal Be hospitable campaign to TV, print and outdoor, via FCB, San Francisco.One objective of the umbrella effort is to convey to the public that assurances of Hilton quality also apply to sister brands such as Embassy Suites.The efforts random kindness theme was augmented with DVDs, brochures, seminars and other materials provided to employees. Even company orientation packets, health benefit folders and recruiting booths are stamped with the Be hospitable look.A lot of hotel advertising today is about the bed but frankly, I dont think people are surprised to find a bed when they check in to their room, said Jeffrey Diskin, svp-Hilton set Performance. We want to help you with why you went on a trip, and to do that, we need to focus on what the guest of necessity. A critical part of that is using our own people.Kathy Sheehan, travel analyst and svp for Roper Reports, New York, said the idea has merit. To differentiate, you have to establish a relationship with the consumer and that means using your people. That practice, dubbed internal branding or leveraging human capital, is figuring more prominently in marketing plans, said Bolger.Indeed, agencies like Golin/Harris, Chicago OgilvyOne, New York and human resources consultants like Hewitt and Mercer are establishing disciplines in people performance management for their clients. Draft, Chicago, has also long unified internal branding as part of its integrated marketing approach. Companies are realizing it not all push-and-tell marketing, said Tony Weisman, Drafts CMO. Co-creation by inviting in the customers and the employees is part of the serve well.WHAT DOES THE ORGANISATION DO TO IMPLEMENT THESE PLANSImplementation means more than simply exercising the plan. It means acting on recommendations made during the vulnerability analysis, integrating the plan into company operations, training employees and evaluating the plan.Where Do They Stand Right Now?Review Internal Plans and PoliciesDocuments to look for include evacuation planFire protection planSafety and health programEnvironmental policiesSecurity proceduresInsurance programsFinance and purchasing proceduresPlant closing policyEmployee manualsHazardous materials planProcess safety assessment riskiness management planCapital improvement programMutual aid agreements locate Critical Products, Services and OperationsYoull need this information to assess the dissemble of potential emergencies and to determine the need for backup systems. Areas to review includeIdentify Internal Resources and CapabilitiesResources and capabilities that could be needed in an emergency includePersonnel flack catcher brigade, hazardous materials response team, emergency medical services, security, emergency management group, evacuation team, public information officerEquipment fire protection and suppression equipment, conferences equipment, first aid supplies, emergency supplies, warning systems, emergency power equipment, decontamination equipmentFacilities emergency operating center, media briefing area, shelter areas, first-aid stations, sanitation facilitiesOrganizational capabilities training, evacuation plan, employee support systemIdentify External ResourcesThere are many external resources that could be needed in an emergency. In some cases, formal agreements may be necessary to qualify the facilitys relationship with the following topical anaesthetic emergency management officeFire DepartmentHazardous materials response organizationEmergency medical servicesHospitalsLocal a nd State policeCommunity service organizationsUtilitiesContractorsSuppliers of emergency equipmentInsurance carriersWHAT FACTORS DO THEY APPEAR TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT WHEN DEVELOPING STRATEGYPhysical What types of emergencies could result from the design or construction of the facility? Does the physical facility enhance safety? ConsiderThe physical construction of the facilityHazardous processes or byproductsFacilities for storing combustiblesLayout of equipmentLightingEvacuation routes and exitsProximity of shelter areasHuman Error What emergencies can be caused by employee error? Are employees trained to work safely? Do they know what to do in an emergency? Human error is the single largest cause of workplace emergencies and can result fromPoor trainingPoor maintenanceCarelessness misconductSubstance abuseFatigueRegulatory What emergencies or hazards are you regulated to deal with?Analyze each potential emergency from beginning to end. Consider what could pass as a result ofProhib ited access to the facilityLoss of electric powerCommunication lines downRuptured gas mainsWater damage batch damageStructural damageAir or water contaminationExplosionBuilding collapseTrapped personsChemical releaseGood net The employees expect a good salary from the hotel in return of the work they do. Good salary is the most important need of the internal customer and if this need is fulfilled they are satisfied.Good manipulation from the management Money is not the only need of the internal customer they also need good treatment from the management.Trust from the management The management should have faith in their employees this will increase the confidence level of the employees and will have a positive effect on their work.Promotional opportunities Most of the employees are ambitious, especially young employees. So they look for promotional opportunities. Promotional opportunities are also one of the essential needs of the internal customer.Various perks Perks or fringe ben efits in other words have an immense effect on the attitude of the staff. By providing special perks to the staff the hotel in a way provokes them to work with their heart, which proves beneficial for the hotel.Job security Employees need a kind of job security for their future. If the job of the employees is secured then they can work tension free.Good working atmosphere The working atmosphere of the organisation should be cool. There should be no pressure from anywhere so that the employees relish free to work.EXTERNALCUSTOMERSExternal customers are those who are the guests of the hotel. The pay the hotel for the services that are provided to them by the hotel. External customers should be provided with good and efficient service so that they become repeat customers of the hotel.NEEDS OF THE EXTERNAL CUSTOMERSWarm welcome from the hotel First and foremost what external customer need is a warm welcome from the hotel. They should be greeted properly when they arrive in the hotel.Ef ficient service Service is the most influential factor for the customers of the hotel. If the service provided by the hotel is efficient and effective it affects the reputation of the hotel in a positive way. The external customers can also recommend the hotel to other people.Friendly environment The environment of the hotel should be friendly so that the customers feel like home.Some extra benefits if they are repeat customers If the customers are repeat customers then they should be given some benefits like discounts or special rates, so they feel happy and remain the customers of the hotel for long time.Good facilities The hotel should provide all the essential and also luxurious facilities for which they are paid for.Reasonable and affordable rates The customers continuously expect affordable rates for their stay or meal in the hotel. This can result in making them repeat customers for the hotel.WHAT COULD BE THE POSSIBLE serviceCompanies obviously need to improve strategy imp lementation activities, but the pace of these activities and the implementation itself have many problems. Primary objectives are somehow forgotten as the strategy moves into implementation, and the initial momentum is lost before the company realizes the expected benefits. The cause isnt easy to explain, but it can be attributed to a variety of problems.ship canal OF ATTRACTING CUSTOMERSAdvertising It is a paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identifiable sponsor. Advertising is a purposive communication to external customers.Pricing Reasonable pricing of the product and services can captivate external customers to a certain extent.Channels of distribution Like transport, stock retentivity and storage, local knowledge, promotion, display can attract external customers.Sales Promotions These are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchasing, and dealer effectiveness, such as displays, shows and exhibitions, demonstrations and various non-recurrent selling efforts not in the ordinary routine.Branding A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design intended to identify the product of a seller and to differentiate it from those of competitors. Brand names like Hilton, Marriott can often attract external customers to a wide extent.Personal selling The sales force is an important part of the communication mix. Personal selling is concerned with an individual selling his own ideas of the typical personal sales.Customer loyalty schemes Customer loyalty schemes can also attract external customers. Customer loyalty schemes like offering a discount cards, offering extra facilities during parties etc are effective attracting the external customers to the hotel. mankind relations Public relations are important to attract external customers. Public relations are all about getting publicity for the product through bright manipulation of the media.Direct marketing It is the planned recording, analysis and tracki ng of customer behaviour to develop relational marketing strategies.CAN THE ORGANISATION PLAN BE IMPROVED OR DEVELOPEDSimply put, strategic planning determines where an organization is going over the next year or more, how its going to get there and how itll know if it got there or not. The focus of a strategic plan is usually on the entire organization, while the focus of a business plan is usually on a particular product, service or program.There are a variety of perspectives, models and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is developed depends on the nature of the organizations leadership, culture of the organization, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners, etc. For example, there are a variety of strategic planning models, including goals-based, issues-based, organic, scenario (some would assert that scenario planning is more a technique than model), etc. Goals-based planning is probably the mo st common and starts with focus on the organizations mission (and vision and/or values), goals to work toward the mission, strategies to achieve the goals, and action planning (who will do what and by when). Issues-based strategic planning often starts by examining issues facing the organization, strategies to address those issues, and action plans. Organic strategic planning might start by articulating the organizations vision and values and then action plans to achieve the vision while adhering to those values. Some planners prefer a particular approach to planning, eg, appreciative inquiry. Some plans are scoped to one year, many to three years, and some to five to ten years into the future. Some plans include only top-level information and no action plans. Some plans are five to eight pages long, while others can be considerably longer.Quite often, an organizations strategic planners already know much of what will go into a strategic plan (this is true for business planning, to o). However, development of the strategic plan greatly helps to clarify the organizations plans and keep in line that key leaders are all on the same script. Far more important than the strategic plan document, is the strategic planning process itself.REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHYAirey, D. and Johnson, S. (1999), The content of tourism degree courses in the UK, Tourism Management, Vol. 20, pp. 229-35.Higher Education Funding Council for England (2001), Getting Ahead Graduate Careers in Hospitality Management (HEFCE 01/30 May Report), Council for Hospitality Management Education/HEFCE, Bristol.Impact Skills Network (2002), An assessment of skills needs in tourism and cultural industries Skills dialogues, July, available at www.impactskillbase.org.ukJameson, S.M. and Holden, R. (2000), Graduateness who cares? Graduate indistinguishability in small hospitality firms, Education and Training, Vol. 42 No. 4/5, pp. 264-71.http//www.businessballs.com/freenewbusinessplanstemplates.htmhttp//www.b usinessballs.com/freebusinessplansandmarketingtemplates.htmhttp//marketing.about.com/od/marketingplanandstrategy/Plan_Your_Marketing_Strategy.htmhttp//www.cambridgestrategy.com/content/business_strategy_audit.phphttp//www.ichotelsgroup.com/h/d/pc/1/en/c/2/content/dec/pc/0/en/cs.html?cm_re=pcr-_-hmpg-_-n4a=bhttp//www.largo.com/egov/docs/1253124205_499786.pdfhttp//www.quickmba.com/strategy/strategic-planning/http//www.mybusinesstravel.com/strategies/hotel.phpstrategyshttp//managementhelp.org/plan_dec/str_plan/str_plan.htmhttp//www.hoteldesigns.net/review/review_412_1.htmlhttp//www.allbusiness.com/marketing-advertising/branding-brand-development/4673624-1.htmlwww.thetimes100.co.uk

Effects of Lab by Inquiry in Educational Settings

Effects of Lab by Inquiry in Educational SettingsBriana BruskeAbstractThe purpose of this literary works research was to distinguish the differences between bridle and enquiry base science testing groundoratoryoratory experiments in educational settings, and their effect on student education. Examples of the incorporation of head into hightail it curriculum were found. The effect of inquiry on knowledge type gained by students, and classification of their laboratory reflective separatements was analyzed found on results contained in confused publications sources. Literature based aspect results depicting student postures toward verification versus inquiry, and manoeuvre inquiry versus present inquiry were obtained and discussed. Suggestions for instructors as regards to the incorporation of inquiry into laboratory settings, and guide atmospheres to do so were obtained and presented in this literature paper. It was determined that, though both verification and inquiry experiments have benefits, inquiry allows development of student skills that may non be otherwise obtained through a verification experiment, and allows for a more than student-driven laboratory setting.IntroductionExperimenting in the lab is a way for students to learn hands-on about the imaginations they coer in lecture.1 The average laboratory experiment travel within the category of cookbook style, or verification experiment. These terms will be used interchangeably throughout this research paper. A verification experiment bes of students following a list of instructions, provided to them by the instructor, to verify a concept wise(p) in lecture.2 The laboratory instructions for verification experiments often follow a similar format to instructions in cookbooks hence the term cookbook style. mixed educational institutes have replaced a number of verification labs to incorporate lab by inquiry into chemistry courses.213 Lab by inquiry can be separated into two major categor ies. These categories are guided-inquiry and open-inquiry.1 Alan Colburn defines guided and open inquiry in his article, An Inquiry Primer.4 channelise inquiry consists of the instructor providing students with only a task and the materials to solve it. Students devising their own laboratory procedures to solve the problem is a requirement for guided inquiry.4 Open inquiry is similar to guided inquiry, with the riddance that students must come up with their own problem to solve along with their own procedure.4 Open inquiry involves a higher level of difficulty than guided inquiry, because students are provided with less information and guidance to devise problems and develop procedures.The National Scientific Education Standards state the importance of inquiry in learning scientific concepts, and outline the abilities postulate to do scientific inquiry. These abilities include identifying questions and concepts that guide investigation, designing and conducting investigations, u sing technology and mathematics to improve upon communications and investigations, formulation and revision of scientific explanations and models using evidence and logic, recognition and analysis of alternative explanations and models, communication and defense of scientific arguments, and understanding of scientific inquiry5.AppendixResearch Involving the Creation of a Heat-Transfer Guided Inquiry Lab for Allied Health Students at Rochester Community and Technical CollegeUndergraduate Research was through with(p) to create a heat-transfer guided inquiry based lab for Allied Health students at Rochester Community and Technical College, under the advising of Dr. Heather Sklenicka. The Allied Health student class did not have a heat-transfer lab, and no exposure to lab by inquiry. In this lab, students were given the opportunity to develop their own procedures to solve a given problem. The given problem use to a real-life situation, which convoluted imagining they were opening thei r own coffee shops in a busy college town. Students had to determine the best container to sell their customers coffee in, i.e. the container that containedZJM3 heat close to effectively. This required the students to test various coffee mugs, thermoses, and other containers for their efficiency in preventing the transfer of heat from the system to the surroundings.Students were asked various pre- and post-lab questions regarding the lab. Students were asked what their interest level in the lab was pre- and post-lab. more or less students were interested in the topic of the lab prior to beginning experimentations, and remained interested or became more interested after the lab. Post-lab, students were asked whether the lab helped them further understand the concept of heat transfer as applied to a real-life situation, and all students surveyed that, in fact, it did. Students were asked if they had or planned to speak with others outside of lab about their experience with the lab, and most students surveyed that they had or planned to do so. When asked whether they enjoyed developing their own procedures, students surveyed that it was one of the most difficult parts of the lab, however, it was among one of their favorite portions of the lab.Results and DiscussionA group of researchers from the Departments of alchemy and Biochemistry at the University of azimuth, Tucson, Arizona, studied the effects that different levels of inquiry had on General Chemistry students written lab reflections. Written lab reflections refer to post-lab responses regarding work done in lab, and analysis of data collected during experimentations. Figure 13 displays the results from this research of the various types of reflective statements shown by students and how they varied based on level of inquiry. The essence of evaluation statements varied little amongst the different types of labs. Evaluation statements consist of analysis of data obtained in lab.3 The largest portion of statements in written lab reflection ferine under the category of knowledge statements. Knowledge statements consist of reflections regarding knowledge gained from lab experiments.3 Guided inquiry had the lowest summate of knowledge statements, likely due to a higher portion of improvement statements. The amount of improvement statements in students written lab reflections varied the most among the different levels of inquiry in lab. Improvement statements consist of possible modifications that could be made to methods or the experiment itself.3 This is reasonable because, unlike verification experiments, inquiry requires students to develop their own procedures. This allows for a more significant amount of lab technique and procedural error, resulting in a more significant amount of inaccuracy in experimental data. Students must then explain error in results and this often consists of reflecting upon experimental mistakes and how improvements can be made to allow for improved ex perimental results.The University of Arizona researchers also focused on knowledge type gained from experiments based on students written reflections. Revised Blooms Taxonomy6 was used to categorize students reflective statements reguarding knowledge gained from laboratory work.3 Blooms Revised Taxonomy can be broken down into four knowledge type categories metacognitive, procedural, conceptual, and factual.6 Metacognitive can be described as the knowledge regarding cognition. The awarness of ones own cognition falls under this category as wellspring. Examples of metacognitive knowledge would be strategic knowledge, knowledge regarding cognitive tasks, consisting of appropriate contextual and conditional knowledge, and knowledge of oneself and abilities. Procedural knowledge consists of erudite how to go about a task. Examples of procedureal knowledge would be agorithms, techniques, and determination of when to use proper procedures.6 Factual knowledge is the basic information stu dents must know to be familiar with a discipline and solve problems related to it. Examples of this would be knowledge of terminology, specific details, and basic information regarding a topic.6 Conceptual knowledge consists of the ability to adopt the connection between basic concepts and a larger picture or problem, allowing them to work together. Examples of this type of knowledge would be knowing certain classifications, principles, categories, and generalizations, as well as theories, structures, and models.6Figure 23 depicts the level of the various types of knowledge gained in the laboratory based on students written reflections and the level in inquiry involved in the experiment. As one can see, students reflections in inquiry labs display a larger portion of metacognitive and procedural knowledge than the verification, while the verification lab reflections showed more factual and conceptual knowledge. In guided inquiry, students are pushed to focus more on the procedure a nd how one would go about solving a given problem. This requires a higher level of thinking and problem solving skills than that involved in a verification lab.A groupZJM4 of researchers from a Texas University conducted surveys of students attitudes toward guided inquiry and open inquiry.1 Before conducting these surveys, students were tested as to whether they were able to correctly distinguish between guided inquiry and open inquiry scenarios. The surveys regarding attitudes toward guided inquiry and open inquiry labs were then given to 322 students who were able to correctly identify both laboratory scenarios.1 This legitimizes the results of the surveys because the 322 students surveyed more than likely understood exactly what the questions were asking, and were able to accurately state their opinion of guided and open inquiry labs. tabularize 1 Students Survey Statements Regarding Guided Inquiry1Table 11 depicts the results of the survey regarding guided inquiry laboratories. The left statements map to cocksure attitudes while the right statements correspond to negative attitudes. Students generally had a positive attitude toward guided inquiry experiments. This is shown by the higher percentages agreeing with the left statements over the right statements.Table 2 Students Survey Statements Regarding Open Inquiry1Table 21 depicts the results from the survey regarding open-inquiry laboratory experiments. The left and right statements were the same as those shown in the guided-inquiry survey (see Table 1). Students generally had a less positive attitude toward open-inquiry experiments when compared to guided inquiry.Table 3 Students Survey Statement Regarding Both Open and Guided Inquiry1Table 31 displays the results from the survey regarding both open and guided inquiry laboratory experiments. Left statements generally corresponded to positive attitudes toward open inquiry labs while right statements corresponded to positive attitudes toward guided inqui ry. Students survey answers generally favored guided inquiry over open inquiry. This is shown by the higher percentages in Table 3 agreeing with the right statements.Research, regarding the change of verification experiments to guided inquiry experiments in the general chemistry classroom, was conducted by students at the U.S. Millitary Academy (USMA) in West Point, New York.2 The focus on the scientific method within the general chemistry course offered much room for improvement of students critical thinking skills through guided inquiry experiments.2Table 42 depicts the results from a survey of USMA general chemistry students after completion of guided inquiry laboratory experiments. The results from the USMA research survey are much in line with the results from the Texas University group regarding students attitudes toward guided inquiry (see Table 1). Students generally showed a positive attitude toward guided inquiry.Though there are no concrete rules to converting verificati on labs to inquiry experiments, the USMA research group put forth general guidelines to assist instructors in creating their own inquiry experiments or converting old verification style to inquiry format.2 Step 1 would be to select an experiment from the course curriculum. The experiment should include fairly simple and easy-to-understand concepts. Data should be collected using an round-eyed apparatus, and allow for a quantitative and mathematical relationship between variables. Conclusions from the analysis of experimental data should be able to be tested.2 Step 2 would be to alter the introductory (pre-lab) material so that major concepts would not be taught before lab time.2 Students should learn concepts based on experiments in lab and variation of data collected. Step 3 would consist of significantly reducing the amount of detail put into procedural steps in the lab handout. This would require more thought on the part of the students regarding how to collect relevant data an d how to interpret it.2 Step 4 includes add uping a step or procedure to the end of the lab, allowing students to evidence their analysis of data and conclusions regarding important concepts.2 The last step would be to include short questions to guide student thoughts and include in the laboratory report.2 An example of a transmutation of a verification experiment to guided inquiry can be found in Table 5.2 The USMA converted a freezing read depression verification experiment to a guided inquiry lab.2 There are clear differences shown between the verification and inquiry versions of the lab regarding purpose, schedule of lab time, objectives, laboratory introduction, procedure, and instructior and teaching assistant dutiesZJM5.ConclusionBoth verification and inquiry experiments have benefits. However, inquiry can provide a more challenging laboratory experience for students and lead to development of skills that may not have been otherwise acquaintedZJM6 with in cookbook or veri fication experiments. Based on various literature sources132 and undergraduate research done at Rochester Community and Technical College (see AppendixZJM7), lab by inquiry is an effective way to teach students critical thinking and problem solving skills, while allowing students to discover concepts within a laboratory setting before learning them in lecture. Students generally have a positive attitude toward inquiry.12 Inquiry also allows for a break from the typical verification experiment, and a more student-driven laboratory setting. Instructors can incorporate inquiry into curriculum by the conversion of previously developed verification experiments into inquiry labs.2References(1) Chatterjee, S. Williamson, V. M. McCann, K. Peck, M. L. J. Chem. Educ. 2009, 86, 1427.(2) Allen, J. B. Barker, L. N. Ramsden, J. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 533.(3) Xu, H. Talanquer, V. J. Chem. Educ. 2013, 90, 2128.(4) Colburn, A. Sci. Scope 2000, 23, 4244.(5) Council, N. R. National science educat ion standards National Academy Press, 1996.(6) Krathwohl, D. R. Theory Pract. 2002, 41, 212218.ZJM1When you elude to the fact that inquiry-based labs allow for better development of student skills, you might want to mention the measure(s) used to determine this. That way people know the assessment and can take away to read on from there.ZJM2Id move the appendix to the end. It is really something appended to the article that doesnt really belong in the flow of the article.ZJM3Retained?ZJM4Something you might consider is to add a few subheadings in the body of your discussion. You are really tackling two areas of inquiry labs 1. The effectiveness of the labs and 2. Student attitudes toward inquiry. It might be nice to offset them with headings preferably of just a paragraph indent to focus the readers attention even further.ZJM5Is there data on the effectiveness of these labs to corroborate your statements from the Arizona research group?ZJM6Acquired?ZJM7Do you have results in the f orm of tables/graphs for the research you did? It might help out here bridging your paper togetherand in that case, you dont necessarily need to call it an appendix either.

The Awakening :: essays research papers

The Awakening The Awakening by Kate Chopin was considered real shocking when it was first published because of the "sexual wake up" of the main character, Edna Pontellier, and her unconventional behavior. Chopin moved to New Orleans after her marriage and lived there for twelve years until the death of her husband. She returned to St. Louis where she began writing. She used her knowledge of Louisiana and Creole culture to create wonderful descriptions of local color, and she incorporated French phrases used by the Creoles. The Awakening ranges at Grade Isle, a vacation spot of soaked Creoles from New Orleans. Edna is there with her two sons and her husband Leonce who comes and goes because of business. Edna is not Creole, but her husband is. She has never felt like she fits in with their lifestyle. Edna has always done what is expected of a woman, including marrying a man she did not love. He regards her as a possession rather than an individual. While on vacation, Edna falls in love with Robert Lebrun. She often goes to the shore with him. She begins to realize for the first time, at age 28, that she is an individual. Edna feels like one who awakens gradually from a dream to the reality of life. After this discovery, Edna changes. She disregards her husbands wishes and often ignores her children. She learns to swim which also makes her begin to feel more independent. Edna befriends two women, Mademoiselle Reisz, a pianist, and Madame Ratignolle, a motherly lady. Distressed when Robert leaves for Mexico, Edna often visits Mademoiseel Reisz to whom Robert often writes. Edna continues to disregard the customs of society. Her husband becomes Lowe 2very upset and insists that they must observe less convenance if they want to keep up with society. He tries to get her to attend her sisters wedding, but she refuses. Leonce goes to New York on business, but Edna refuses to go with him. The children are with their grandparents so Edna enjoys her time alone . She starts an affair with Alcee Arobin. He introduces her to the importance of sex, which she did not enjoy with her husband. She closes up her house and moves to a smaller one. Upset, her husband puts a recognize in the newspaper, which says that their house is being remodeled. He tries to hide Ednas strange behavior from his friends.

How To Write Using the APA Writing Style Essay -- APA Writing Style

The APA writing style is most commonly used to cite sources for psychology, education, and social sciences and is also the official writing style of the American mental Association. The General APA Organizational Guidelines are basic guidelines that explain how to write a research paper in the APA format. These guidelines ensure clear and consistent presentation of indite material that differentiates from other writing styles because it concerns elements such(prenominal) as Citations, punctuation, presentation of good turns, etcThere are four major sections in an APA paper. They consist of the form of address page, abstract, main body, and references. The denomination page of an APA paper has recently been changed in the publication of the sixth edition of the APA Publication Manual. In the title page a writer should include the title of the paper, the writers name, and the school affiliation. It is suggested that the title should be no more than 12 words, and when writin g ones name, not to include titles or degree info such as Dr. or Ph.D. Also the title page should include, at the top of the page, a running head that is flush left and a page number that is flush right.The abstract, one of the four major sections in an APA paper, is the section where one would summarize research that was conducted, the methods of which the thesis was tested, the findings of the research, the purpose of the research, the analysis of data, and conclusions. It should begin on a new page and already include the page header. Abstract should be centered on the first line of the abstract page with no bold, italics, underlining, or quotation marks. The abstract should be double-spaced and a single paragraph around 150 to 250 words. Keywords may be listed to h... ...ieved June 18, 2011, from http//psychology.vanguard.edu/faculty/douglas-degelman/apa-style/Driscoll, D. (2010, April 21). Purdue OWL Writing in Psychology Experimental Report Writing . Welcome to the Purdue Un iversity Online Writing Lab (OWL). Retrieved June 22, 2011, from http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/670/03/Johns, J., Fox, T., & Silvia, R. (n.d.). APA Writing Style. DK Schools. Retrieved June 26, 2011, from dkschools1.org/Documents/apa%5B1%5D.pdfMongan-Rallis, H. (2006, November 17). Guidelines for writing a literature review . University of manganese Duluth Welcomes You. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from http//www.duluth.umn.edu/hrallis/guides/researching/litreview.htmlWhat is APA Style?. (n.d.). APA Style. Retrieved June 18, 2011, from http//www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-apa-style.aspx?apaSessionKey=9E1D0F5CFDDB1694AFB05C302651AD48

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The time has finally come. Fellow seniors, we are now on our own. Its time to take down our parking permits and rifle out our binders one last time. Tonight is our graduation - a time to celebrate an end to a journey. Tonight is our commencement - the beginning of a advanced course. Weve said goodbye to our teachers, signed yearbooks, paid our fines now we celebrate 13 years of progress and friendship and we look forward to achieving our goals as we embark on a new odyssey. Weve seen our last dance. Weve yet to experience our first college lecture. Weve heard our last announcements, now we eagerly look forward to making headlines. Weve played in our last football game (in the Tacoma Dome), and now we are ready to start this game of life. Of all the institutions that structure American life, none are viewed with the combination of alarm system and affection that high schools are. We invest them with tremendous and, perhaps, contradictory hopes that they will nurture individual achi evement as headspring as social development that they will be havens from an often heartless world as well as preparation to enter it that they will be sites of hard work as well as personal pleasure. We have finally gained our independence, and with that comes the opportunity to do anything we choose and head in any caution we wish. But with our newfound freedom comes apprehension and fear, sadness and reflection. Though our individual experiences at Sulzer are as unique as ourselves, weve all gained the fundamentals necessary to influence those around us. We shouldnt be afeared(predicate) of what lies ahead because at 18, we can create our own destiny. We should look forward to the opportunities we how have as graduates. Though the world may seem unsettling, u... ... seen our last Mr. KHS and ships bell Show, danced at our senior Prom, and acted in our last spring musical, but we have so much more to do. Though we are all reluctant to hypothesise goodbye to the friends weve made, we must look forward to the opportunities of the future. We have acquired traits during our tenure at Sulzer that will undoubtedly be useful in our future endeavors. Weve been made swell mathematicians, accomplished scientists, renowned writers, and famed actors. As first class students, we must seize the day, leave our footprints behind, and always reflect on our time and experiences shared at Sulzer. For those of you who still feel unprepared for the future, Dr. Seuss can reassure you. You have brains in your head you have feet in your shoes you can steer yourself any direction you choose. Thank you, congratulations, and happy fathers day.

The Past, Present and Future of Social Security Essay -- Social Securi

hearty hostage A Historical View Social security, the federal retirement system, is one of the most popular government programs in unify State?s history. Today, Social warrantor emoluments are the backbone of the nations retirement income system. The long road to the successful development of neighborly security began in 1935. earlier 1935, very few workers received job pensions. Those workers that were covered never received benefits because they were not guaranteed. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the original Social Security Act. It comprised of two work a Social Security retirement benefit that applied only to workers, and a welfare program for the elderly called Old days assistance. Social Security benefits were not paid until 1942 to allow for a period of partial forward funding. The retirement benefit service was funded by a two percent valuate on the first $3000 of payroll earnings, 1 percent form employers and 1 percent from workers. In 1939, Social Security was amended to include coverage to dependents of workers who died. The payroll tax income was also set aside in a separate trust fund. Social Security gained national commitment in 1950 when the Old Age Assistance program was phased out. Benefits were increased by 77 percent and the payroll tax rate was increased to 6.5 percent on a phased ? in basis. This outgrowth was partially a response to an expansion in private pensions that were being won by unions in collective bargaining agreements. The pensions, usually, served as a postscript to social security benefits. Employers supported Social Security increases because they were considered more economical than private pensions. In order to increase Social Securit... ...bout higher deductibles, reduced benefits, or the probability of a government-run program that many not meet its commitment. The increase in the nation?s savings rate would not only benefit retirees, alone would strengthe n the economy. Savings would be invested privately, which would create new businesses and jobs. BibliographyCambetas, Daniela. The Economic Reality of Social Security. Social Security. 25 Aug. 2007. Conover, Pat. ?A Concise History of Social Security.? 20 July 2001. 25 July 2007. http//www.ucc.org/justice/ss/history.htm. Social Security Online. 25 July 2007. . Social Security The Perspectives in Detail. Public Agenda Online. 8 Aug. 2007. http//www.publicagenda.org/issues/debate_detail2.cfm?issue_type=ss. The Past, Present and Future of Social Security Essay -- Social SecuriSocial Security A Historical View Social security, the federal retirement system, is one of the most popular government programs in United State?s history. Today, Social Security benefits are the backbone of the nations retirement income system. The long road to the successful development of social security began in 1935. Before 1935, very few workers received job pensio ns. Those workers that were covered never received benefits because they were not guaranteed. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the original Social Security Act. It comprised of two services a Social Security retirement benefit that applied only to workers, and a welfare program for the elderly called Old Age Assistance. Social Security benefits were not paid until 1942 to allow for a period of partial forward funding. The retirement benefit service was funded by a two percent tax on the first $3000 of payroll earnings, 1 percent form employers and 1 percent from workers. In 1939, Social Security was amended to include coverage to dependents of workers who died. The payroll tax income was also set aside in a separate trust fund. Social Security gained national commitment in 1950 when the Old Age Assistance program was phased out. Benefits were increased by 77 percent and the payroll tax rate was increased to 6.5 percent on a phased ? in basis. This increme nt was partly a response to an expansion in private pensions that were being won by unions in collective bargaining agreements. The pensions, usually, served as a supplement to social security benefits. Employers supported Social Security increases because they were considered more economical than private pensions. In order to increase Social Securit... ...bout higher deductibles, reduced benefits, or the probability of a government-run program that many not meet its commitment. The increase in the nation?s savings rate would not only benefit retirees, but would strengthen the economy. Savings would be invested privately, which would create new businesses and jobs. BibliographyCambetas, Daniela. The Economic Reality of Social Security. Social Security. 25 Aug. 2007. Conover, Pat. ?A Concise History of Social Security.? 20 July 2001. 25 July 2007. http//www.ucc.org/justice/ss/history.htm. Social Security Online. 25 July 2007. . Social Security The Perspectives in Detai l. Public Agenda Online. 8 Aug. 2007. http//www.publicagenda.org/issues/debate_detail2.cfm?issue_type=ss.